What is the average increase in heart rate for a pregnant woman by term?

The average increase in heart rate for a pregnant woman by term is typically between 15 to 20 beats per minute. This increase is a physiological response to the demands of pregnancy, as the body needs to supply additional blood flow and oxygen to the developing fetus. As pregnancy progresses, the volume of blood increases significantly, which necessitates an elevated heart rate to accommodate this change and ensure that both the mother and fetus maintain adequate circulation.

Throughout pregnancy, several factors contribute to this increased heart rate, including hormonal changes, increased metabolic demand, and the overall growth of the uterus, which influences the cardiovascular system's functioning. While there can be variability between individuals, the 15 to 20 beats per minute increase is a general standard observed in clinical settings for women approaching term.