Which of the following is NOT associated with experimental research?

The correct answer is the option referring to observation without manipulation. In experimental research, a key component is the manipulation of one or more independent variables while keeping other variables controlled to isolate the effects. This manipulation allows researchers to determine cause-and-effect relationships by observing the changes in dependent variables as a result of the manipulations.

Controlled conditions are essential in experimental research because they minimize external influences that could affect the results. Measurement of variables is also a critical aspect since it allows researchers to quantify the effects of the manipulation and compare outcomes systematically. Therefore, observation without manipulation does not align with the core principles of experimental research, which relies on the active manipulation of variables to draw conclusions about causal relationships.